For every type of object JVM creates an immutable instance of java.lang.Class which provides methods to examine the runtime properties of the object including its members and type information. Class also provides the ability to create new classes and objects.
With the exception of java.lang.reflect.ReflectPermission, none of the classes in java.lang.reflect have public constructors. To get to these classes, it is necessary to invoke appropriate methods on Class. So you can say that the entry point for all reflection operations is java.lang.Class.
How to get Class
There are several ways to get a Class depending on whether the code has access to an object, the name of class, a type, or an existing Class.
Object.getClass()
If you have an instance of the class available, then you can get Class by invoking Object.getClass() method. This method will only work with reference types.
For Example– If you have a class called ClassA and an object objA of that class then you can get instance of Class as follows –
ClassA objA = new ClassA();
Class<?> cls = objA.getClass();
Using .class Syntax
If instance of the class is not available but the type is known, then you can get object of Class by using .class syntax. You just need to add “.class” to the name of the type. Using .class you can also get the Class for a primitive type.
For Example– If you want class object for type Boolean.
boolean b;
Class cls = boolean.class;
Note here that type (Boolean) is used to get instance of Class.
Same way if you want Class object for ClassA.
ClassA objA;
Class<?> cls1 = ClassA.class;
Then if you want to instantiate class object objA you can do that using class.newInstance() method.
try {
objA = (ClassA)cls1.newInstance();
objA.setI(12);
System.out.println("Value of i " + objA.getI());
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
Using Class.forName()
You can also get the instance of the class using the static method Class.forName().Make sure that you pass the fully-qualified class name. Which means you will have to include package names too.
For example– If you want instance of Class for ClassA which is residing in package org.prgm then do it as follows –
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ClassA");
Using TYPE Field for Primitive Type Wrappers
Wrapper classes for the primitive types have a field named TYPE which is equal to the Class for the primitive type being wrapped.
For example –
Class cls1 = Integer.TYPE;
Methods provided by class Class
There are many methods provided by the class Class to get the metadata about the class. Let’s go through an example to see some of these methods in practice.
- For the full list of methods please visit - https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/Class.html
Example code
As a preparation for the example code let’s have a class called Parent.java which will be extended by the class ChildClass.java which is the class we are going to examine. There is also an interfaceIntTest.java which is implemented by ChildClass.java.
Parent class
public class Parent {
String name;
Parent(String name){
this.name = name;
}
public void displayName(){
System.out.println("Hello - " + name);
}
public String getName(){
return name;
}
}
IntTest interface
public interface IntTest {
public void showValue();
}
ChildClass.java
public class ChildClass extends Parent implements IntTest{
private int value;
//Constructor
public ChildClass(String name, int value) {
super(name);
this.value = value;
}
@Override
public void showValue() {
System.out.println("Value - " + value);
}
}
Based on these classes let us see some of the methods provided by class Class.
To get the class name
If you want to get the class name using the instance of the Class.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
System.out.println("Class name " + c.getName());
System.out.println("Class name " + c.getSimpleName());
Output
Class name org.prgm.ChildClass
Class name ChildClass
As you can see using the method getName() gives you the fully qualified name whereas getSimpleName() method gives you only the class name.
Getting super class
getSuperClass() method can be used for getting Super class. Returns the Class representing the superclass of the entity represented by this Class. If this Class represents either the Object class, an interface, a primitive type, or void, then null is returned. If this object represents an array class then the Class object representing the Object class is returned.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
System.out.println("Super Class name " + c.getSuperclass());
Output
Super Class name - class org.prgm.Parent
Getting implemented or extended interfaces
getInterfaces() method can be used for getting the interfaces. If the object on which you are calling this method represents a class, the return value is an array containing objects representing all interfaces implemented by the class. If this object represents an interface, the array contains objects representing all interfaces extended by the interface.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
System.out.println("interfaces - " + Arrays.toString(c.getInterfaces()));
Output
interfaces - [interface org.prgm.IntTest]
Getting class modifier
You can get the class modifier by using the getModifiers() method. Returns the Java language modifiers for this class or interface, encoded in an integer. The modifiers consist of the Java Virtual Machine's constants for public, protected, private, final, static, abstract and interface; they should be decoded using the methods of class Modifier.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
int modifiers = c.getModifiers();
System.out.println("Modifier - " + Modifier.toString(modifiers));
Output
Modifier – public
Getting fields of the class
There are 4 methods for getting fields of the class. If you want Field object for any specific field then you can use getDeclaredField(String name) or getField(String name) method. To get information for all the fields of the class you can following two methods.
- getFields() - Returns an array containing Field objects reflecting all the accessible public fields of the class or interface represented by this Class object.
- getDeclaredFields() - Returns an array of Field objects reflecting all the fields declared by the class or interface represented by this Class object. This includes public, protected, default (package) access, and private fields, but excludes inherited fields.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
// Getting fields of the class
Field[] allFields = c.getFields();
System.out.println("All Fields - " + Arrays.toString(allFields));
// Getting fields of the class
Field[] fields = c.getDeclaredFields();
System.out.println("Fields - " + Arrays.toString(fields));
Output
All Fields - []
Fields - [private int org.prgm.ChildClass.value]
Since ChildClass.java doesn’t have any accessible public field (inherited or its own) so no value is returned for getFields() method.
There is one private field in ChildClass.java, getDeclaredFields() method shows that field.
Getting constructors of the class
There are four methods for getting the constructors of the class. If you want Constructor object for any specific constructor, then you can use getConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes) or getDeclaredConstructor(Class<?>... parameterTypes) method. To get all the constructors of the class you can use following two methods.
- getDeclaredConstructors() - Returns an array of Constructor objects reflecting all the constructors declared by the class represented by this Class object. These are public, protected, default (package) access, and private constructors.
- getConstructors()- Returns an array containing Constructor objects reflecting all the public constructors of the class represented by this Class object.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
Constructor<?>[] constructors = c.getConstructors();
System.out.println("Constructors - " + Arrays.toString(constructors));
Constructor<?>[] Decconstructors = c.getDeclaredConstructors();
System.out.println("Declared constructors - " + Arrays.toString(Decconstructors));
Output
Constructors - [public org.prgm.ChildClass(java.lang.String,int)]
Declared constructors - [public org.prgm.ChildClass(java.lang.String,int)]
Since class ChildClass has only one public constructor so both methods are returning the same array of Constructor objects.
Getting methods of the class
There are four methods for getting the methods of the class. If you want Method object for any specific constructor, then you can use getMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes) or getDeclaredMethod(String name, Class<?>... parameterTypes) method. To get all the methods of the class you can use following two methods.
- getDeclaredMethods() - Returns an array containing Method objects reflecting all the declared methods of the class or interface represented by this Class object, including public, protected, default (package) access, and private methods, but excluding inherited methods.
- getMethods() - Returns an array containing Method objects reflecting all the public methods of the class or interface represented by this Class object, including those declared by the class or interface and those inherited from superclasses and superinterfaces.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
// Getting all methods (even inherited) of the class
Method[] methods = c.getMethods();
System.out.println("All Methods - " + Arrays.toString(methods));
// Getting methods of the class
methods = c.getDeclaredMethods();
System.out.println("Class Methods - " + Arrays.toString(methods));
Output
All Methods - [public void org.prgm.ChildClass.showValue(), public java.lang.String org.prgm.Parent.getName(),
public void org.prgm.Parent.displayName(), public final void java.lang.Object.wait() throws java.lang.InterruptedException,
public final void java.lang.Object.wait(long,int) throws java.lang.InterruptedException,
public final native void java.lang.Object.wait(long) throws java.lang.InterruptedException,
public boolean java.lang.Object.equals(java.lang.Object), public java.lang.String java.lang.Object.toString(),
public native int java.lang.Object.hashCode(), public final native java.lang.Class java.lang.Object.getClass(),
public final native void java.lang.Object.notify(), public final native void java.lang.Object.notifyAll()]
Class Methods - [public void org.prgm.ChildClass.showValue()]
Here you can see how getMethods() shows all the methods even inherited one.
Getting annotations
You can use following two methods to get information about the annotations.
- getAnnotations() - Returns annotations that are present on this element. If there are no annotations present on this element, the return value is an array of length 0.
- getDeclaredAnnotations() - Returns annotations that are directly present on this element. This method ignores inherited annotations. If there are no annotations directly present on this element, the return value is an array of length 0.
Class<?> c = Class.forName("org.prgm.ChildClass");
Annotation[] annotations = c.getAnnotations();
System.out.println("Annotations - " + Arrays.toString(annotations));
Annotation[] Decannotations = c.getDeclaredAnnotations();
System.out.println("Annotations - " + Arrays.toString(Decannotations));
Output
Annotations - []
Annotations - []
Since there are no annotations present on the class so array length is zero for both methods. Note that these methods can be used in the same way with the object of Method or Field class to get annotations present on a method or a field.
That's all for this topic Reflection in Java-class. If you have any doubt or any suggestions to make please drop a comment. Thanks!
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